Both exams are closed book, and contain a mix of multiple choice and open‐ended questions. You will be allowed to use a silent battery operated calculator during the exams, while laptops are not allowed. All appeals of grades should be addressed within one week. I will be glad to re‐grade any exam. However, you must provide a statement in writing as to where and why there is a problem. Verbal appeals of grades will not be accepted. Importantly, the entire exam will be re‐graded. As a result, the re‐graded score may increase, remain the same, or decrease. Exams written with pencil are not valid.